Lung nodules are very common. Most of them are primarily benign, although there is still a chance they may be malignant. Therefore, evaluating these nodules in a timely manner is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
To assess the probability of malignancy, validated risk evaluation models based on both clinical and radiologic factors can be utilized. The former includes the patient’s age, smoking history, etc., while the latter includes the size, location, and type of nodule, among others.
We will introduce three such models, each accompanied by a corresponding risk calculator to calculate the probability of malignancy.
Mayo Clinic model
The Mayo Clinic model is widely recognized and well-validated. This model does not take into account growth rates, FDG-PET results, or individuals who have a history of lung cancer or extrathoracic cancer within five years.
The model is suitable for those with low to moderate lung cancer risk; however, its accuracy decreases among those with higher lung cancer prevalence.
Brock model
The Brock model, also known as the PanCan (Pan-Canadian Lung Cancer Early Detection Study) model, was developed in a lung cancer screening population. It is also highly accurate in people with incidental lung nodules.
Therefore, this model can be used in the lung cancer screening and general lung nodule population.
BIMC model (Bayesian inference malignancy calculator model)
The BIMC model, as the name suggests, uses Bayesian analysis to estimate the probability of malignancy based on risk factors for malignancy. This model takes into account FDG-PET results and the growth of lung nodules. It is one of the least externally validated models.
This model is available for people at moderate to high risk of lung cancer.
Conclusion
In conclusion, scientific evaluation and management of lung nodules play a critical role in the early detection and management of lung cancer. Risk models should always be interpreted by a lung specialist. Remember to consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.